Is Helium Dangerous?

Helium can be dangerous despite being non-toxic. While helium is chemically inert, it poses significant asphyxiation risks by displacing oxygen in enclosed spaces and when inhaled directly.

In this article, we’ll explore the dangers associated with helium and the safety precautions industrial and medical users should take when handling this gas.

Asphyxiation Risks of Helium

Helium’s main danger stems from its ability to displace oxygen, potentially causing asphyxiation. As a simple asphyxiant, helium doesn’t interact chemically with the body but reduces the concentration of oxygen in lungs when inhaled.

When someone breathes pure helium, each breath removes more oxygen from their system. Inhaling helium directly from pressurized tanks or even balloons can lead to oxygen deprivation, which can cause many issues depending on the amount inhaled, most notably:

• Dizziness
• Unconsciousness
• Death within minutes (in extreme cases)

The danger is heightened by helium’s colorless and odorless nature. Without warning properties, individuals may not recognize an oxygen-deficient atmosphere until they’re already experiencing symptoms.

Pressurized Tank Hazards

Helium stored in high-pressure cylinders presents risks beyond asphyxiation. Inhaling directly from a pressurized helium tank can cause severe barotrauma.

The high pressure can rupture lung tissue as the gas rapidly expands. This can lead to potentially fatal conditions like pneumothorax (collapsed lung) or gas embolism, where gas bubbles enter the bloodstream.

Helium cylinders also present physical hazards if improperly handled. Unsecured tanks can fall and become dangerous projectiles if the valve breaks off, as internal pressures can propel a cylinder with rocket-like force.

A standard helium cylinder at 2,000 PSI contains enough energy to launch itself through a concrete wall – comparable to a small explosive device.

Cryogenic Hazards of Liquid Helium

Helium becomes liquid at extremely cold temperatures (approximately -452°F or -269°C) and presents severe cryogenic hazards. Contact with liquid helium can cause instant frostbite and tissue damage.

The rapid expansion of liquid helium to gas can also displace oxygen in confined spaces, creating an immediate asphyxiation risk. When liquid helium warms to room temperature, it expands to about 757 times its liquid volume, potentially creating dangerous pressure in sealed containers.

Additionally, the extreme cold can embrittle materials that would normally be flexible, which might cause containers or equipment to crack or shatter.

Safety Guidelines for Handling Helium

Proper storage and handling protocols are essential when working with helium. The guidelines to follow include:

• Adequate storage: always store helium cylinders upright and secured to prevent falls.
• Proper ventilation: Use helium only in well-ventilated areas to prevent oxygen displacement.
• Oxygen monitoring: consider installing oxygen monitoring systems in spaces where helium is stored or used regularly, particularly in confined areas.
• Comprehensive training: proper training should include how to safely transport cylinders, connect regulators, and recognize the symptoms of oxygen deficiency.
• Personal protective equipment: always use appropriate personal protective equipment, including cryogenic gloves, face shields, and long sleeves to protect against cold burns.

Liquid helium is so cold that it can instantly freeze tissue on contact – at approximately -452°F (-269°C), it’s more than 450 degrees colder than the average household freezer, which typically operates at 0°F (-18°C). 

Tread Carefully With Helium

While helium isn’t toxic, its physical properties make it potentially dangerous when mishandled or misused. Understanding these risks is crucial for industrial and medical professionals who work with helium regularly.

With proper training, ventilation, monitoring, and respect for the physical properties of this gas, the dangers of helium can be effectively managed. Always prioritize safety when working with any compressed or cryogenic gas, regardless of its toxicity profile.