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Rocket propulsion is a method used to launch rockets and spacecraft by expelling high-speed gases from a rocket engine, generating thrust. It is used in space exploration, satellite deployment, and military applications. Key propellants include liquid hydrogen, used for its high energy content and efficiency, often combined with liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. RP-1, a refined kerosene, is also used with LOX in rockets. Nitrogen tetroxide acts as an oxidizer in hypergolic systems, which ignite spontaneously with fuels like hydrazine, commonly used in satellite thrusters and deep-space missions. These propellants provide the necessary thrust and efficiency for various aerospace applications.
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Rocket propellant is a material used in rocket engines to produce thrust. It consists of a fuel and an oxidizer that react chemically to release energy, propelling the rocket forward.
There are two main types of rocket propellants: liquid propellants and solid propellants. Liquid propellants typically include combinations like liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX), while solid propellants are typically composed of a mixture of fuel and oxidizer in a solid form.
Industrial gases like liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) are commonly used as liquid rocket propellants. These gases are stored in cryogenic tanks and mixed in the rocket engine to produce a high-energy combustion reaction.
Liquid hydrogen acts as a fuel in many rocket engines. It is favored for its high specific impulse, which means it provides more thrust per unit mass compared to other fuels. When combined with liquid oxygen, it creates one of the most powerful rocket propellant combinations.
Liquid oxygen serves as an oxidizer, providing the necessary oxygen for the combustion of the fuel (such as liquid hydrogen). This combination produces a highly energetic reaction, resulting in the thrust needed to propel the rocket.
Safety measures include strict handling protocols, proper storage in cryogenic tanks or secure containers, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and adherence to safety standards to prevent leaks, explosions, and exposure to toxic substances.
Rocket propellants like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are stored in cryogenic tanks to keep them at extremely low temperatures. Solid propellants are stored in secure containers to prevent accidental ignition.
The performance of rocket propellants is measured by their specific impulse (Isp), which is the thrust produced per unit mass flow rate of the propellant. Higher specific impulse indicates greater efficiency and performance.
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